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In the 20th century, the discovery of numerous synthetic insecticides, such as DDT, and herbicides fostered this development.6.

Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally put in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were used in paddy fields to consume pests, as exemplified in ancient cave art. In 1762an Indian mynah has been brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and about the exact same period, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to allow ants to maneuver between them and help control caterpillars.

The introduction of DDT, a cheap and efficient compound, place an effective stop to biological control experiments. From the 1960s, issues of resistance to chemicals and damage to the environment began to emerge, and biological control had a renaissance. Chemical pest control is still the predominant type of pest control now, although a renewed interest in traditional and biological pest control developed towards the end of the 20th century and continues to this day.7.

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Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using other organisms.8 It depends on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but normally also involves an active human management function. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the pest which are bred in the laboratory and introduced into the environment.

Ideally, the released organism will strain and survive, and provide long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .

For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium that infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water sources.10

Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques in addition to simple equipment and apparatus, that provides a protective barrier between plants and insects. This can be referred to as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control in addition to being useful for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, are extremely destructive pests of newly ploughed grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.

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Crop rotation can help control insects by depriving them of their host plants. It's a strategy in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by as much as 95 percent.12

A trap crop is a crop of a plant which attracts pests, diverting them from nearby plants.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to price effectively reduce pest densities on big industrial scales, without using pesticides, possibly as a result of pests' ability to spread back into the main area.14.

Pesticides are applied to crops by aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control insects. However, successful control by pesticides is not easy; the right formulation must be chosen, the timing is often critical, the method of application is important, adequate coverage and retention on the harvest are necessary.

This is particularly important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of insects and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and such co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the crops are well adapted to the situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to develop enhanced crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides site here might be detrimental in the longer term.15.

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The efficacy of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. This is because any organism that manages to endure the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this manner, some of the very serious pests have developed resistance and are no longer killed by pesticides which used to kill their ancestors.

Pesticides are devised to kill insects, but many have detrimental effects on non-target species; of specific concern is the damage done to honey-bees, solitary bees and other pollinating insects and in this regard, the time of day when the spray is applied can be important.17 The widely used neonicotinoids have been banned on flowering crops in certain countries because of their effects on bees.17 Some pesticides may cause cancer and other health problems in humans, in addition to being harmful to wildlife.18 There can be serious effects immediately after exposure or chronic consequences after continuous non invasive, or occasional exposure.19 Maximum residue limits for pesticides in foodstuffs and animal feed are set by many nations.20.